Theoretical Analysis Community in the 21st century Free Sample

Question: Theoretical Analysis Community in the 21st Century. Answer: Community Work (Social Work) Bernick and Cervero argue that people who share similar customs, beliefs, cherish the same values, and religion forms a community. At times the people in a community live in one place. It implies that they share the same geographical location. There are various connections between the people that tie them together thus impacting the sense of togetherness in them. The relations between the people are responsible for keeping them glued to each other. Social ties compliment the feeling of belonging to a group of individuals who belong to a given community. The relationships are vital in the practices that take place in each social setting. Even though most communities are associated with small groups of people, others are affiliated by large masses of individuals. They include the international communities and the national communities. Bernick and Cervero propose that community works have been in existence for many years. They are the work done to benefit humanity at a free charge. They are done by groups of people or associations that do not seek profits from their work. The work being done by these unique groups have led to developments in the community. The activities done by the social groups are many. They include counselling, advocacy, information production and distribution among others. The groups involved in social work include non-governmental organizations, non-profit organizations, and community organizations, incorporated and unincorporated organizations among others. On the other hand, community development is the state in which the members of a community join hands to perform a similar task (Innes, J.E. and Booher, 2004, p.420). The actions taken are usually meant to bring about solutions to the challenges facing the community. In the twenty-first century, community development is perceived as the gl obal network formed by scholars and other practitioners in various fields which seek to promote sustainable development, justice among the people, opportunities in the economic sector and the rights of every human being. There are different ways in which the social and the technological changes have shaped community development. Bernick and Cervero, are for the idea that the social changes have impacted different fields in the lives of people across the world. The change has touched areas such as globalization, poverty levels, inequality, women issues, diversity in cultures, and the rights of the people. Community practices are managed by organizers in the communities, program developers, and the leaders in the community, researchers and the policy makers of the land (Innes, J.E. and Booher, 2004, p.425). Social development has enhanced families acquire skills to sustain themselves. Networks have been formed to increase individual capacities as well as those of different organizations. One of the ways through which social change has influenced the community is through populations. The distribution of the population has occurred for many years. In the 21st century, the developing countries have become the nations with the largest shares of the world's people. Dale and Hill argue that the patterns of the work being done by men and women have been altered hence in most countries across the world the gender does not dictate the action to be executed. The population is determined to make the countries economically stable. It implies that both sexes contribute largely to the social change. The variations in the social relations among people have changed the concepts of community. The forms of relationships among people influence how they behave towards each other. The interactions control the actions taken by the people. Social behaviours dictate people`s social lives because they perform every action with a goal. The objectives suggest that a community has the aims that it wishes to achieve in a given period. Technological changes have influenced the concept of community in many ways. Bulmer suggests that the community is viewed as an avenue where information can be collected easily. The advancement in the mechanization of producing improvised gadgets that gather information has made people seek for data using modern products and devices. Using mobile phones has posed a threat to the communities as people are being disconnected from their communities. The members of the community see the changes in technology as a positive way of developing the economy. Communities have advocated for the use of modern means of production because they tend to improve the quality of life (Campbell, 2014, p.48). The leadership of many countries has become easy to monitor using the advanced technology. It is because the governments are applying the technology to in implementing some services to the people. On the other hand, some people in the communities have found out that the use of the modern technology has led to increased unemployment, destruction of the environment and disruptions of families (Carlsson and Nilsson, 2016, p.1118). Studies made have proven that the old and the young in the communities agree that modern technology creates problems in the societies. It is because people spend less time with their family members. Surveys propose that teenagers are more involved on their devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and video games. According to Stein, the old generation of people does not agree that technology has helped much in the communities. For instance, the old view using phones to communicate less efficient to applying the face-to-face method. They suggest that using phones is just like hiding behind a phone. The Heartland Monitor poll suggests that the attitudes of people regarding the issue of modern technology as negative. It is because the use of digital computing and communications has made people glued to their devices. This has interfered with how people socialize. The situation has reshaped the community life since community practices have been impacted. The forms of community practice incorporate community organizing, social planning, management of the human work, developments in the community among others. In the current times, community practices are based on economic developments, urban planning and public relations among the people. Different forms of religions have been crafted to suit the needs of individuals in the communities (Laurence and Bentley, 2016, p.55). All the religions differ in the values they uphold and have changed compared to the traditional religions that were there in the past. People have embraced new rights compared to the customs that were present in the old times. Communities have come up with strategies to manage disasters and problems whenever they occur (Campbell, 2014, p.56). For instance, in Japan, there are community-based disaster management systems that have formulated to combat problems that arise in the country. The idea was implemented because there have been many cases of the natural disaster facing the country. CBDM has managed to deal with floods, fires, droughts; building collapses among other tragedies that have been witnesses in the country. The new method was from the village system of the old Japan. The process and the mechanisms of the community-based disaster management apply new techniques. All the problems being handled by the emergency management improve the social policy. Rochester, Paine, Howlett, Zimmeck and Paine (2016) argue that various fields of policy within governments in providing social services to the citizens have been enhanced to promote the development of the social status. The quality of lives among the people is improved through using the stipulated guidelines and the activities that influence human welfare. The School of Economics in London recognizes social policy as a discipline that analyses societies and the social needs of the people in a given community. Nowadays social policy is perceived as a study and not a discipline by most scholars. It is because it has evolved with time. In the olden days, social policy was based on the aims and goals behind it. For instance, for one to minimize the levels of poverty one had to provide avenues for self-development Economic growth was also a target that could reduce poverty. Mandell, N. and Johnson suggest that the social security systems were grouped using their models of intervention. The systems focus their attention towards universal principles. Countries such as Sweden focus its attention towards assisting the poor in the society. The needs met by the social policy include education, health care services, housing, and security in the economic sector of the people. The social well-being in the system covers the entire well-being of the population in a given country as well as eradicating poverty (Honig, Lampel, Siegel and Drnevich, 2017, p.86). In the U.S, the religious and the scientific ideas have influenced social policy. The government has invested in creating jobs for the people to promote the economy by using different projects. Various Acts in the constitution caters for the every child to receive an education. An example is the No Child left Behind Act that was proposed a president as an education plan that would promote education for all. It is a program that ensures that each child gets the necessary skills needed for sustainability. The policies have led to people conducting research to establish how social and technological changes have shaped the community. Researchers have been employed in different fields such as science, especially in medicine. It is because the members of the communities require information that they can rely on to make sound decisions. The methods used by researchers are based on different projects that have specific aims and agendas (Honig, Lampel, Siegel and Drnevich, 2017, p.89). The studies are meant for diagnosing conditions in a community, executing a given prescription on a challenge facing a community or assessing the impact of the implementation of the order. Research is conducted using different stages for it to bear positive results. Each stage plays a vital role in establishing the solution to a problem challenging the community. The outcome of the study relies on the reliability and the validity of the information gathered by the one performing the research. The Community service workers and the professional personnel involved in conducting research come with guides to implementing the changes they recommend to the communities (Honig, Lampel, Siegel and Drnevich, 2017, p.82). Scholars, community development staff, and the activists find research to be more efficient. It is because research provides better mechanisms to apply in dealing with problems facing the society. Project based research improves the democracy of a group of people by issuing ways through which people can share duties and power. Community workers always aspire to make a difference whenever they perform research. Political decisions are influenced by the changes in the community. Joined people advocate for particular issues and decisions. The knowledge in the social changes is focused on the policies of the government as well as the laws passed by the legislature. Taylor suggests that variations in the community have made people take up the responsibility of leading others in the governments. The issue of representation has been debated for many years in most nations around the world. The people representing others are making advancements in the way community work is conducted in the countries. They are doing so through the formation of laws and policies that govern the way services are provided to the people. Gilchrist, and Taylor argue that lobbying involves the person who makes decisions on political grounds and the decisions that a community or an individual is concerned about every day. Lobbying targets right decision making in people. Nowadays, some policies stipulate the direction whic h lobbying is done. Disability issues must be catered for when lobbying is being done. Various factors have shaped and reshaped the concept of community. Climate is one of the factors that have shaped the idea of community. The change in the climate has made people devise ways of dealing with the adverse conditions in the world. Green and Haines argues that the change in the values of the citizens has compelled them to make drastic shifts in the way they behave. The technology has fostered community developments. Advanced levels of technology have made people more productive in many aspects. Education systems are also responsible for shaping the community. The application of formal education has empowered people`s abilities to come up with better methods of doing things (Laurence and Bentley, 2016, p.61). Simpler techniques that have made the world a better place to live in have been created by using modern tools and equipment. Community work has become an avenue where people`s lives n are made better by incorporating new ways of detecting community problems. Freedom and justice among individuals have resulted in people to enjoying different standards of living. Involvement in Democratic leadership and being respected by others influence how people carry themselves in the community. The emotions of citizens in a given community dictate their behavior thus defines how a community should be perceived. References Bernick, M. and Cervero, R., 1997. Transit villages in the 21st century. Bulmer, M., 2015. The Social Basis of Community Care (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Campbell, C., 2014. Community mobilisation in the 21st century: Updating our theory of social change?. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(1), pp.46-59. Carlsson, E. and Nilsson, B., 2016. Technologies of participation: Community news and social media in Northern Sweden. Journalism, 17(8), pp.1113-1128. Crow, G. and Allan, G., 2014. Community life. Routledge. Dale, A. and Hill, S.B., 2001. At the edge: Sustainable development in the 21st century (Vol. 6). UBC Press. Gilchrist, A. and Taylor, M., 2016. The short guide to community development. Policy Press. Green, G.P. and Haines, A., 2015. Asset building community development. Sage publications. Honig, B., Lampel, J., Siegel, D. and Drnevich, P., 2017. Special Section On Ethics in Management Research: Norms, Identity, and Community in the 21st Century. Academy of Management Learning Education, 16(1), pp.84-93. Innes, J.E. and Booher, D.E., 2004. Reframing public participation: strategies for the 21st century. Planning theory practice, 5(4), pp.419-436. Laurence, J. and Bentley, L., 2016. Does ethnic diversity have a negative effect on attitudes towards the community? A longitudinal analysis of the causal claims within the ethnic diversity and social cohesion debate. European Sociological Review, 32(1), pp.54-67. Mandell, N. and Johnson, J.L., 2016. RACE, CLASS, AND SExUALITY. Rochester, C., Paine, A.E., Howlett, S., Zimmeck, M. and Paine, A.E., 2016. Volunteering and Society in the 21st Century. Springer. Stein, M.R., 2015. The eclipse of community: An interpretation of American studies. Princeton University Press. Taylor, D.C. and Taylor, C.E., 2016. Just and lasting change: When communities own their futures. JHU Press. Wilken, R., 2014. Teletechnologies, place, and community. Routledge.

The Biography of Socrates Essay Example For Students

The Biography of Socrates Essay The most interesting and influential philosopher of all time was Socrates, whose dedication to careful reasoning transformed the entire history of philosophy. Since he sought genuine knowledge rather than mere victory over an opponent, he familiarized himself with the rhetoric and dialectics of the Sophists, the speculations of the Lonian philosophers, and the general culture of Periclean Athens. Socrates employed the same logical tricks developed by the Sophists to a new purpose, the pursuit of truth. Thus, his willingness to call everything into question and his determination to accept nothing less than an adequate account of the nature of things make him the first clear exponent of critical philosophy. Although he was well known during his own time for his conversational skills and public teaching, Socrates wrote nothing, so we are dependent upon his students, like Kenophon and Plato, for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results. Plato was also a philosopher who often injected his own theories into the dialogues he presented to the world as discussions between Socrates and other famous figures of the day. Nevertheless, it is usually assumed that at least the early dialogues of Plato provide a fairly accurate representation of Socrates himself. Socrates profoundly affected Western philosophy through his influence on Plato. Born in Athens in 469 BC to the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife, Socrates received the regular elementary education in literature, music, and other areas of the arts. Initially, Socrates followed the craft of his father; according to a former tradition, he executed a statue group of the three Graces, which stood at the entrance to the Acropolis until the 2nd century AD. In the Peloponnesian War with Sparta he served as an infantryman with conspicuous bravery at the battles of Potidaea in 432-430BC, Delium in 424BC, and Amphipolis in 422BC. Socrates believed in the superiority of argument over writing and therefore spent the greater part of his adult life in the marketplace and public places of Athens, engaging in dialogue and argument with anyone who would listen or who would submit to interrogation. Even though Socrates was unattractive and short in stature he was extremely hardy and self-controlled. He enjoyed life immensely and achieved social popularity because of his ready wit and a keen sense of humor that was completely devoid of satire or cynicism. Socrates attitude toward politics was obedient, but generally steered clear of politics, restrained by what he believed to be divine warning. He believed that he had received a call to pursue philosophy and could serve his country best by devoting himself to teaching, and by persuading the Athenians to engage in self-examination and in tending to their souls. He didnt write any books and established no regular school of philosophy. All that is known, with certainty about his personality and his way of thinking is derived from the works of two of his distinguished scholars: Plato and the historian Xenophon, a prosaic writer who probably failed to understand many of Socrates doctrines. Plato portrayed Socrates as hiding behind an ironical profession of ignorance, known as Socratic irony, and possessing a mental acuity and resourcefulness that enabled him to penetrate arguments with great facility. Socrates contribution to philosophy was essentially ethical in character. Belief in a purely objective understanding of such concepts as justice, love, and virtue, and the self-knowledge that he inculcated, were the basis of his teachings. He believed that all vice is the result of ignorance, and that no person is willingly bad; correspondingly, virtue is knowledge, and those who know the right will act rightly. His logic placed particular emphasis on rational argument and the quest for general definitions, as evidenced in the writings of his younger contemporary and pupil, Plato, and of Platos pupil, Aristotle. .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d , .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .postImageUrl , .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d , .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d:hover , .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d:visited , .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d:active { border:0!important; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d:active , .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b34e985d92958e1df55460a88a8a77d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: About Love Summary Essay Another thinker befriended and influenced by Socrates was Antisthenes, the founder of the Cynic school of philosophy. Socrates was also the teacher of Aristippus, who founded the Cyrenaic philosophy of experience and pleasure, from which developed the more lofty philosophy of Epicures. To such Stoics as the Greek philosopher Epictetus, the Roman philosopher Seneca the Elder, and the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, Socrates appeared as the very embodiment and guide of the higher life. Although a patriot and a man of deep religious conviction, Socrates was nonetheless regarded with suspicion by many of his contemporaries, who disliked his attitude tow ard the Athenian state and the established religion. He was charged in 399BC with neglecting the gods of the state and introducing new divinities, a reference to the daemonion, or mystical inner voice, to which Socrates often referred. He was also charged with corrupting the morals of the young,, leading them away from the principles of democracy; and he was wrongly identified with the Sophists,. This was possibly because he had been ridiculed by the comic poet Aristophanes in his play The Clouds as the master of a thinking-shop where young men were taught to make the worse reason appear the better reason. Platos Apology gives the substance of the defense made by Socrates at his trial; it was a bold vindication of his whole life. He was condemned to die even though only a small majority carried the vote. When, according to Athenian legal practice, Socrates made an ironic counter-proposition to the courts death sentence, proposing only to pay a small fine because of his value to the state as a man with a philosophic mission, the jury was so angered by this offer that it voted by an increased majority for the death penalty. Socrates friends planned his escape from prison, but he preferred to comply with the law and die for his cause. His last day was spent with his friends and admirers, and in the evening he calmly fulfilled his sentence by drinking a cup of hemlock according to a customary procedure of execution. Plato described the trial and death of Socrates in the Apology, the Crito, and the Phaedo. The Examined Life Because of his political associations with an earlier regime, the Athenian democracy put Socrates on trial, charging him with undermining state religion and corrupting young people. The speech he offered in his own defense, as reported in Platos (Apology), provides us with many reminders of the central features of Socrates approach to philosophy and its relation to practical life. Explaining his mission as a philosopher, Socrates reports an oracular message telling him No one is wiser than you. (Apology 21a) He then proceeds through a series of ironic descriptions of his efforts to disprove the oracle by conversing with notable Athenians who must surely be wiser. In each case, in each case, however, Socrates concludes that he has a kind of wisdom that each of them lacks, namely, an open awareness of his own ignorance. The goal of Socratic interrogation, then, is to help individuals to achieve genuine self-knowledge, even if it often turns out to be negative in character. As his cross-examination of Meletus shows, Socrates means to turn the methods of the Sophists inside out, using logical nit picking to expose (rather than to create) illusions about reality. If the method rarely succeeds with interlocutors, it can nevertheless be effectively internalized as a dialectical mode of reasoning in an effort to understand everything. Even after the jury has convicted him, Socrates declines to abandon his pursuit of the truth in all matters. Refusing to accept exile from Athens or a commitment to silence as his penalty, he maintains that public discussion of the great issues of life and virtue is a necessary part of any valuable human life. The unexamined life is not worth living. .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d , .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .postImageUrl , .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d , .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d:hover , .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d:visited , .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d:active { border:0!important; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d:active , .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d38060b53c2148b9e6bf80a81f6001d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Iona Moon Essay (Apology 38a) Socrates would rather die than give up philosophy, and the jury seems happy to grant him that wish. Even when the jury has sentenced him to death, Socrates calmly delivers his final public words, a speculation about what the future holds. Disclaiming any certainty about the fate of a human being after death, he nevertheless expresses a continued confidence in the power of reason, which he has exhibited (while the jury has not). Who really wins will remain unclear. Platos dramatic picture of a man willing to face death rather than abandoning his commitment to philosophical inquiry offers up Socrates as a model for all future philosophers. Perhaps few of us are presented with the same stark choice between philosophy and death, but all of us are daily faced with opportunities to decide between convenient conventionality and our devotion to truth and reason. How we choose determines whether we, like Socrates, deserve to call our lives philosophical.

Personality Essay Example

Personality Essay While there are many different theories of personality, the first step is to understand exactly what is meant by the term personality. The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which referred to a theatrical mask work by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their identities. A brief definition would be that personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. Some other definitions of personality: Personality refers to individuals characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms hidden or not behind those patterns. This definition means that among their colleagues in other subfields of psychology, those psychologists who study personality have a unique mandate: to explain whole persons. (Funder, D. C. , 1 997) †¢ Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a persons behavior. (Feist and Feist, 2009) While there are many different theories of personality, the first step is to understand exactly what is meant by the term personality. The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which referred to a theatrical mask work by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their identities. A brief definition would be that personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. Some other definitions of personality: †¢ Personality refers to individuals characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms hidden or not behind those patterns. This definition means that among their colleagues in other subfields of psychology, those psychologists who study personality have a unique mandate: to explain whole persons. (Funder, D. C. , 1997) Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a persons behavior. (Feist and Feist, 2009) These personality types are †¢ Sanguine †¢ Phlegmatic †¢ Choleric †¢ Melancholic Long ago, each of these types was associated with a dominant humor present in the body: sanguin e – blood humor, phlegmatic – phlegm humor, choleric – yellow bile humor, melancholic – black bile humor. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Additionally to that, the latest research shows that these four basic temperaments are associated with chemicals, like dopamine (for sanguine type), estrogen (for phlegmatic type), testosterone (for choleric type) and serotonin (for melancholic type). The Sanguine Type This type is characterized by spontaneity, optimism, enthusiasm, high energy, mental flexibility, novelty seeking, impulsiveness and curiosity. These traits are associated with specific genes in the dopamine system. These people often have very expressive faces and love using words like â€Å"adventure†, â€Å"energy†, â€Å"new†, â€Å"fun†, â€Å"active†, â€Å"travel† and similar. The Phlegmatic Type These people are mainly defined by their social skills, such as their ability to express themselves and read other people face expressions and body language. They do well at connecting facts and seeing â€Å"the big picture†. They are nurturing, sympathetic, agreeable and emotionally expressive. Some of these character traits are linked with estrogen that is present in both men and women. Physically you can recognize them by their smooth skin, full lips, round faces and small noses. Their favorite words are â€Å"passion†, â€Å"passionate†, â€Å"sensitive† and â€Å"sweet†. The Choleric Type This type is associated with testosterone, which is also present in men and women, but more so in men. These people are direct, focused, tough, analytical, logical and strategic. They have a great deal of courage and like to compete, often against each other. They often have square jaws, high cheekbones and high foreheads and love to use words like â€Å"intellect†, â€Å"ambition† and â€Å"challenge†. More  » The Melancholic Type Melancholics tend to be calm, loyal and orderly, just as their personality name sounds. They are cautious and conventional. These men and women inherited genes in the serotonin system and their favorite words are â€Å"family†, â€Å"loyal†, â€Å"respect†, â€Å"caring†, â€Å"values† and â€Å"moral†. Thorndikes theory of learning 1. Learning is incremental. [9] 2. Learning occurs automatically. [9] 3. All animals learn the same way. [9] 4. Law of effect- if an association is followed by a â€Å"satisfying state of affairs† it will be strengthened and if it is followed by an â€Å"annoying state of affairs â€Å" it will be weakened. 5. Thorndike’s law of exercise has two parts; the law of use and the law of disuse. . Law of use- the more often an association is used the stronger it becomes. [15] 2. Law of disuse- the longer an association is unused the weaker it becomes. [15] 6. Law of recency- the most recent response is most likely to reoccur. [15] 7. Multiple response- problem solving through trial and error. An animal will try multiple respo nses if the first response does not lead to a specific state of affairs. [15] 8. Set or attitude- animals are predisposed to act in a specific way. [15] 9. Prepotency of elements- a subject can filter out irrelevant aspects of a problem and focus and respond only to significant elements of a problem. [15] 10. Response by analogy- responses from a related or similar context may be used in a new context. [15] 11. Identical elements theory of transfer- This theory states that the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations. [9] The more similar the situations are, the greater the amount of information that will transfer. 9] Similarly, if the situations have nothing in common, information learned in one situation will not be of any value in the other situation. [9] 12. Associative shifting- it is possible to shift any response from occurring with one stimulus to occurring with another stimulus. [15] Associative shift maintains that a response is first made to situation A, then to AB, and then finally to B, thus shifting a response from one condition to another by associating it with that condition. [16] 13. Law of readiness- a quality in responses and connections that results in readiness to act. 16] Thorndike acknowledges that responses may differ in their readiness. [16] He claims that eating has a higher degree of readiness than vomiting, that weariness detracts from the readiness to play and increases the readiness to sleep. [16] Also, Thorndike argues that a low or negative status in respect to readiness is called unreadiness. [16] Behavior and learning are influenced by the readiness or unreadiness of responses, as well as by their strength. [16] 14. Identifiability- According to Thorndike, the identification or placement of a situation is a first response of the nervous system, which can recognize it. 16] Then connections may be made to one another or to another response, and these connections depend upon the original identification. [16] Therefore, a large amount of learning is made up of changes in the ident ifiability of situations. [16] Thorndike also believed that analysis might turn situations into compounds of features, such as the number of sides on a shape, to help the mind grasp and retain the situation, and increase their identifiability. [16] 15. Availability- The ease of getting a specific response. 16] For example, it would be easier for a person to learn to touch their nose or mouth than it would be for them to draw a line 5  inches long with their eyes closed. [16] Development of law of effect Thorndikes research focused on instrumental learning, which means that learning is developed from the organism doing something. For example, he placed a cat inside a wooden box. The cats used various methods trying to get out, however it does not work until it hits the lever. Afterwards, Thorndike tried placing the cat inside the wooden box again, this time, the cat is able to hit the lever quickly and succeeded to get out from the box. At first, Thorndike emphasized the importance of dissatisfaction stemming from failure as equal to the reward of satisfaction with success, though in his experiments and trials on humans he came to conclude that reward is a much more effective motivator than punishment. He also emphasized that the satisfaction must come immediately after the success, or the lesson would not sink in. [ Transfer of learning is the study of the dependency of human conduct, learning, or performance on prior experience. The notion was originally introduced as transfer of practice by Edward Thorndike and Robert S. Woodworth. [1] They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ or more formally how improvement in one mental function could influence another related one. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the proportion to which the learning task and the transfer task are similar, or where identical elements are concerned in the influencing and influenced function, now known as identical element theory. Transfer research has since attracted much attention in numerous domains, producing a wealth of empirical findings and theoretical interpretations. However, there remains considerable controversy about how transfer of learning should be conceptualized and explained, what its probability occurrence is, what its relation is to learning in general, or whether it may be said to exist at all. 2] Most discussions of transfer to date can be developed from a common operational definition, describing it as the process and the effective extent to which past experiences (also referred to as the transfer source) affect learning and performance in a current novel situation (the transfer target). [3] This, however, is usually where the general consensus between various research approaches ends. There are a wide variety of viewpoints and theoretical frameworks apparent in the literature. For review purposes, these are categorized as follows: †¢ a taxonomical pproach to transfer research that u sually intends to categorize transfer into different types; †¢ an application domain-driven approach by focusing on developments and contributions of different disciplines that have traditionally been interested in transfer; †¢ the examination of the psychological scope of transfer models with respect to the psychological functions or faculties that are being regarded; and †¢ a concept-driven evaluation, which reveals underlying relationships and differences between theoretical and empirical traditions. Do we really forget? Many people think that the human mind is too complex to explain, and memory is no exception. Even though vast amounts of research have been carried out into how we remember (and forget! ) things, nobody knows for sure the model on which human memory is based. There are, nonetheless, two main reasons for which psychologists think we forget information: †¢ You store information in your memory but are unable to remember it when you need to, but perhaps can at a later date. In this case, information is inaccessible †¢ The human memory simply forgets information, permenantly, and the physical traces of the memory disappear. In which case, information is unavailable †¢ Forgetting †¢ You can’t talk about remembering without mentioning its counterpart. It seems that as much as we do remember, we forget even more. Forgetting isn’t really all that bad, and is in actuality, a pretty natural phenomenon. Imagine if you remembered every minute detail of every minute or every hour, of every day during your entire life, no matter how good, bad, or insignificant. Now imagine trying to sift through it all for the important stuff like where you left your keys. †¢ There are many reasons we forget things and often these reasons overlap. Like in the example above, some information never makes it to LTM. Other times, the information gets there, but is lost before it can attach itself to our LTM. Other reasons include decay, which means that information that is not used for an extended period of time decays or fades away over time. It is possible that we are physiologically preprogrammed to eventually erase data that no longer appears pertinent to us. Failing to remember something doesn’t mean the information is gone forever though. Sometimes the information is there but for various reasons we can’t access it. This could be caused by distractions going on around us or possibly due to an error of association (e. g. , believing something about the data which is not correct causing you to attempt to retrieve information that is not t here). There is also the phenomenon of repression, which means that we purposefully (albeit subconsciously) push a memory out of reach because we do not want to remember the associated feelings. This is often sited in cases where adults ‘forget’ incidences of sexual abuse when they were children. And finally, amnesia, which can be psychological or physiological in origin Memory Human memory, like memory in a computer, allows us to store information for later use. In order to do this, however, both the computer and we need to master three processes involved in memory. The first is called encoding; the process we use to transform information so that it can be stores. For a computer this means transferring data into 1’s and 0’s. For us, it means transforming the data into a meaningful form such as an association with an existing memory, an image, or a sound. Next is the actual storage, which simply means holding onto the information. For this to take place, the computer must physically write the 1’ and 0’s onto the hard drive. It is very similar for us because it means that a physiological change must occur for the memory to be stored. The final process is called retrieval, which is bringing the memory out of storage and reversing the process of encoding. In other words, return the information to a form similar to what we stored. The major difference between humans and computers in terms of memory has to do with how the information is stored. For the most part, computers have only two types; permanent storage and permanent deletion. Humans, on the other hand are more complex in that we have three distinct memory storage capabilities (not including permanent deletion). The first is   Sensory memory, referring to the information we receive through the senses. This memory is very brief lasting only as much as a few seconds.

How to Use the Sample AP Argument Essay

How to Use the Sample AP Argument EssayAn AP Argument Essay is a type of argument that should be developed to present in the classroom. It provides a way for the student to analyze and construct arguments in order to present in the classroom. This type of essay is usually three to five pages long and it can also be done in the form of an essay. Students who plan to write on the topic of religion often choose to do so using the example of a sample argument essay that presents in the classroom.The example is also used because they can benefit from learning and recognizing an argument in an essay. The material will require the students to be able to express their thoughts, as well as, process them properly. They can also learn how to engage the audience with their thoughts.During the process of developing the argument the student will be presented with three basic types of arguments. One of which is a descriptive argument, the second is a comparison and the third is an argument from cre dibility. In each of these examples the essay will differ in the way the students are able to approach the topic.The descriptive argument involves the fact that there are various religious groups throughout the world. There are also many religions within the world as well. All of these groups all believe in the same deity, even though the differences may not be always noticeable to the observer. Some groups have more similarities than others and, therefore, the argument will base the fact that the group is similar to all of the other religions.A comparison can be used in this essay to show that all religions do not agree in every aspect. In addition, the author will present the fact that there are differences among the many religious groups. The argument will show the readers that not all religions are alike and, therefore, may offer some points in support for some forms of atheism or skepticism. The fact that the religions all believed in God and the idea that there is a deity help s when the author goes into a number of reasons why they believe this to be true.Finally, a credible argument will be presented when the author utilizes the third type of argument. In this case, the group will use faith as a means to justify any conclusion they may come to as the final result of the argument. The author will introduce the topic, explain what faith is and show the reader how belief is necessary. At the end of the piece, the writer will show the reader why it is necessary.During the development of this sample AP argument, the author will utilize this information and learn the reasons why the argument is necessary to present in the classroom. The reason for this comes from the fact that not all groups have the same beliefs as all of the other groups. This can be a persuasive factor in the argument being presented in the classroom.When writing an argument, it is important to think about how to present it effectively. The author of the essay must develop a format and, mo re importantly, it must be convincing. Using the above example of a sample AP argument will allow the author to be successful with the task.

Pest Swot Analysis of Adidas Essays

Pest Swot Analysis of Adidas Essays Pest Swot Analysis of Adidas Essay Pest Swot Analysis of Adidas Essay Lopito Jan 25, 2008 Addidas- You are consultant of the company. PEST/SWOT etc Introduction Adidas is a company that manufactures shoes and sport apparel. The founder is Adolf Dassler who is German. The name created by combination of the name and surname Adi Dassler, who started producing shoes in 1920s with the help of his brother Rudolf Dassler. That make costumer, to recognize Adidas is three parallel stripes of the same color. Slogan: â€Å"IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTHING† 1. History 1949-2005 Due to the death of Adolf’s son (Horst Dassler), the Company was bought in 1990 by Bernard Tapie. Back then Tapie was specialist of rescuing bankrupt companies. Next step was to change the place of production to Asia and make a promotion campaign by using a famous person as Madonna (famous singer). In 1992 economical problems lead Tapi to sell Adidas to Lyonnais bank. Lyonnais sold Adidas to Robert Louis-Dreyfus who was also the president of the Olympique de Marseille football team. In 1997, Adidas AG acquired the Salomon Group, and its corporate name was changed to Adidas-Salomon AG. Seven years later, top English fashion designer Stella McCartney launched a joint-venture line with Adidas. This line was a sports performance collection for women called Adidas by Stella McCartney. After 2 years, Adidas introduced the Adidas 1, the first ever production shoe to utilize a microprocessor. In August 2005, Adidas bought rival Reebok. At the same time sales had been closer to those of Nike in North America. The acquisition of Reebok would also allow Adidas to compete with Nike worldwide as the number two athletic shoemaker in the world. Three months later Adidas released a new version of the Adidas 1, make it better, stronger and faster. On April 11 2006, Adidas announced an 11-year deal to become the official NBA apparel provider. 2. Products Adidas manufactures anything related to sport, like shoes, clothes, watches, balls, Sunglasses, Protective Equipment, etc. You can purchase Adidas almost anywhere. Except original stores that placed in every city in every country; you can find them also in super market as perfume shower gel etc, or in jewel store as watches. The pricing for per of shoe fluctuate 60 to 250 Euros, High price for most people; justifiably for High quality materials that company use. PLANING Mission Statement â€Å"Our mission is to become the best sports brand in the world. To that end, we will never equate quantity with quality. Our founder Adi Dassler was passionate about sports. For Adi, the athlete came first. He gave those on the field, the court and the track the unexpected and the little differences that made them more comfortable and improved performance. This is our legacy. This is what the brand stands for. This will never change. † Vision Passion for sport. This is adidas. We consistently bring our passion to every single sport, wherever and whenever it is played. Whether its football in the park or the 100 meters at the Olympics we have been there, we are there now, and we will always be there. Our dream is to bring our passion for sport, the athlete and the product, to anyone who comes into contact with adidas. Objectives We are innovation and design leaders who seek to help athletes of all skill levels achieve peak performance with every product we bring to the market. We are a global organization that is socially and environmentally responsible, creative and financially rewarding for our employees and shareholders. We are committed to continuously strengthening our brands and products to improve our competitive position and financial performance. In the medium term, we will extend our leading market position in Europe, expand our share of the US footwear market and be the fastest growing major sporting goods supplier in Asia and Latin America. The resulting top-line growth, together with strict cost control and working capital improvements, will drive over-proportionate earnings growth. Decision-making style: Centralized / programmed S. W. O. T. Analysis Strengths In many invents is the biggest sponsor Strong management team Brand recognition and reputation Diversity and variety in products offered on the web (footwear, apparel, sporting equipment, etc. ) Strong control over its own distribution channel No bad reputation like child labor or enviro nment pollution In the Soccer industry, Adidas has a stronghold Weaknesses High prices in some products E-commerce is limited to USA The direct sale to consumers is creating conflicts with its own resellers Online customer service not helpful or easy to find Opportunities Increase female participation in athletics â€Å"Adidas by Stella McCartney† Collaborate with other online retailers to offer Adidas products Possibility of outsourcing the web development and e-commerce to a third party developer Threats Nikes strong reputation in the footwear and apparel industry Negative image created by the sponsored athletes (i. e. Kobe Bryant and his sexual assault case) Increase in the Price of Raw materials Continuing challenges in import/export duties PEST Analysis Political Adidas policy is to control and monitor hazardous substance to protect human health and environment one of those is to eliminate PVC making progress in finding substitutes like polyurethane, ethyl vinyl, silicon es thermoplastic rubber. Adidas also provide training sessions on employment standards and HR systems, health and safety is important for the company. Establishing teams to manage and monitor SARS in Asia factory, washing stations, disinfectant units. Finally Adidas protects and supports the rights of its employees by following all the current employment laws. Economical As a multinational company adidas helps countries to decrease unemployment by increasing every year the number of employees. The Industrial Production Growth Rate in Germany was 1% in 2001-3, 2004 become 1. 7%. Adidas is a reason of this increase Because of the big sponsorship in 2004 Olympic Games. As exporting to Europe is not too expensive as it was before, Europe since 2002 has own money (euro) and the borders are not so tight. Labor salary is high in Germany and France but not so expensive in China (Suzhou). This is the reason that most of factories located in Asia. Social Adidas products declare in any raise, age, religion, and lifestyle, always in fashion with special design in any of product. Focus in people who like sports and athletes, almost everybody can purchase adidas products. Technology Adidas join into technology by make up the world’s first â€Å"smart shoe†, adding a microchip inside the shoe and wireless mp3 player. Also using hot melt system of the production that is environmentally safe, using heat-activated adhesives. The packaging that company use, are suitable for transportation over long distances, humid conditions and extreme temperature changes and use recycled paper and other environmentally-friendly packaging materials. As many competitors that Adidas has, the external environment can’t be no other by dynamic. BCG Matrix Apparel Watches Footwear Eyewear Strategy Formulation By created a collection for women called Adidas by Stella McCartney† more women prefer to buy adidas, also the technologies that add in shoe and watches. The price fluctuant lower to higher to declare most of the people. Miss Eliot (famous singer) promotes adidas. Furthermore it lets customers know that adidas care about environment and doesn’t have sweatshops. Life Cycle ORGANIZING Organizational Chart Adidas is a mechanistic organization. As a large, international organization with thousand of employees, oddly has organic elements by giving opportunity to employees to express their thoughts and opinion as explain above. The company puts many targets that need team work; conclude that Adidas has task culture. Communication channels Adidas emphasizes a lot on the communication channels. It supports that creating effective communication channels through the regions at Liaison Office (LO) and factory level is a constant challenge. Adidas internet-based ‘Ask the Management’ forum gives employees throughout the regions an opportunity to raise concerns and post questions to top management. Due to the fact that there is full and open communication at work employees are most highly motivated and make their greatest contribution to the business. The existence of the plenty flow of information and ideas among employees develop productivity and minimize confusion, duplication, and unproductive conflict. Employees The welfare of the employees is significant for Adidas family. Adidas identified that in order to achieving the goal to be the global leader in the sporting goods industry depends on the talents, enthusiasm and dedication of the employees. In order to success their satisfaction Adidas uses various methods. Some of these are: organize transport to our perations centers provide medical insurance for staff located in different cities improve the housing accumulation fund and social retirement fund coverage introduce flexible working hours in the LO provide annual performance bonus for eligible employees Make internal agreements on the use of internet, (mobile) phone and E-mail, on reintegration of employees coming back from parental leave, and on on-call service Support the existence of formal work council, etc. Continuo us training is very important. This is way numerous seminars are continuously organized regarding all the levels of employment. As it is mentioned before, Adidas believes that employees and their talents are critical to the continuing commercial success. For this reason it indentified the need to create HR strategies that could be implemented globally. Adidas created a Global Salary Management System which responsibility is to motivate employees through different ways of remuneration and through offering various attractive compensation systems. Type of employees/ Skills Adidas as a large international company occupies thousand of employees of different ethics, cultures, and race. Due to the existence of the HR department the potential problems are eliminated. As Adidas has to cover many different job positions, the skills that are demanded are various. HR department recruits both low and high skilled employees depending on each job description. Diversity exists in all maters because there are employees of different age, gender, race, nationality and religion. LEADING Board of Directors Adidas has executive and supervisory board. The executive board is composed of four members who reflect the diversity and internationality of the Group. Supervisory board made by six members that representing the shareholders and six members that representing the employees Leadership style As Adidas let to understand, support employees; taking in consideration their opinions, should be Democratic style. On the other hand, a big company like Adidas can’t be only democratic, should use and authoritarian style too. It depends in what situations have to deal with. CONTROLING Adidas strategy emphasized Total Quality Management (TQM), supported by integrated software systems and code-related labor practices as devices used to reduce unit costs. Monthly monitoring of machine usage and waste reduction, machine leasing and sharing across the five components that comprise the group and a more transparent purchasing system also helped to increase recent performance. As consultant of the company I assume that Adidas after so many years is still in the second place in sports sales. The mission statement declares that our goal is to become the best sports brand in the world. Our slogan is â€Å"impossible is nothing†, imagine how effective will be if achieve the first place of sales. Then our slogan will be meaningful, and powerful. Now impossible is nothing, is the microprocessor and a wireless mp3 player in a shoe. The slogan will be general and not specific. To achieve our mission statement should inform people about the actions that we take against pollution and child laboring. How a company like Adidas, which everything works fine; care about labors and with healthy reputation still in second place? In my opinion marketing department should keep more inform the stakeholders and make more sophisticated advertisements to attract customers. It was a good move to be sponsor in Olympics of 2004, but should be always â€Å"up to date† by sponsorship, advertisements TV/streets etc. To let people, understand that Adidas have power and budget. And finally, we have to find what Nikes has that we don’t? Nike should be in third or fourth place, but still in first? Why, with so bad reputation? What is this that makes customers loyal to Nike? Solve these questions and develop it. Then the first place is ours!

Implementing a non tradional benefit to your organization Case Study

Implementing a non tradional benefit to your organization - Case Study Example The programs will consist of two parts: health=related benefits and a special financial aid for mother with toddlers. The first step is development of the plan and information gathering. The second step is needs identification. The benefits will be paid in accordance with age and family status of a mother. Single mothers with children will receive double benefits. Mothers with two children and more will receive benefits for all children. The third step is budget and compensation schemes development. Rather than one uniform benefits plan for every person, planners increasingly see a range of program choices for designing a compensation plan to meet the specific needs and requirements of each unique employee (Calvey and Jansz 2005). It is expected that plans will focus on one of three distinct goals: attracting and retaining qualified employees, motivating employees, and controlling costs. Although the planner would like to achieve each goal, it is also true that it is very difficult if not impossible to achieve the best in each goal simultaneously. This means setting benefits rates at or above the market average. . In addition, several of these exercises put you in the position of designing compensation and benefits plans to meet the specific operating requirements of the organizations in question (Robert Half International. 2007). In SunDusk, employers must pay attention to the prevailing wage and salary levels paid for various jobs and skills. Were employers to ignore what the market is paying, they would soon discover either that they cannot keep employees because their rates are too low, or they cannot make a profit because their rates are too high. Establishing a competitive wage and salary program is an essential building block for effective compensation planning and administration. Beyond grounding pay rates in competitive market conditions, benefits for women with children should be properly structured and designed to support organizational goals (Fakler, 2005). Such issues as how much money it takes to serve as a lure to more performance, ethical concerns in using incentive plans, and fully aligning incentive plans with organizational requirements are all vital ingredients to effective plan design. Benefits plans and designs are important in their own way. Such plans can consume a sizable portion of to tal compensation dollars. For that expense, employers would like to receive--but often have trouble obtaining--returns in employee goodwill and performance. For these reasons, effective benefits design is often a silent but important partner in human resources planning and administration (Calvey and Jansz 2005). Each month a single mother will receive $200 of benefits for one child till 5 years old. The expected outcomes of the non-traditional benefits are motivation and low labor turnover among women employees. The growth of the business is very sensitive to the overall quality of service provided in the unit. Customers who are satisfied with the service they receive will return to buy additional products and services, and will refer other customers to the stores (Robert Half International. 2007). The non-traditional benefits are in response to an employee's poor job performance and not because of perceived or suspected

Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Success - Essay Example The definition of success comprises of elements including happiness, health and conquering hardships. One way of identifying how successful an individual is by identifying the level of happiness experienced by that individual. Happiness can be attained through various means, while some people may find happiness in helping others and on the other hand some may experience happiness due to attaining huge amount of wealth and a flashy lifestyle. Individuals who tend to attain happiness through materialistic gains tend to experience happiness for a shorter period of time. While individuals who gain happiness by helping others may experience happiness for a longer period of time. This means that success is short lived if human beings are happy due to their materialistic gains and success is prolonged if that attain happiness through helping others. Another factor that should be taken into account while defining success is the health of a particular individual. Health is very important for an individual to benefit from all of his achievements. An individual may not feel successful if he/she or his/her family members are not healthy. An individual works hard with the aim of gaining wealth in order to provide joy and a comfortable life to themselves and their family members. If an individual or their family members can not enjoy that wealth, an individual may feel unsuccessful. Success can even be defined in terms of an individual’s ability to conquer the obstacles that they face in their lives. An individual who does not work hard in order to earn money and uses shortcuts to attain wealth may be less satisfied with the wealth as compared to an individual who has worked hard and dedicated his/her life for the achievement of aims and objectives. The success that individual gains by facing difficulties are in life provides him with something to be proud of and to cherish. Such success provides an individual with peace of